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| Isolation Level | Dirty Read | Non-repeatable Read | Phantom Read | Concurrency | |----------------|------------|---------------------|--------------|--------------| | READ UNCOMMITTED | Yes | Yes | Yes | Highest | | READ COMMITTED | No | Yes | Yes | High | | REPEATABLE READ (default) | No | No | No (with gap locks) | Good | | SERIALIZABLE | No | No | No | Lowest |

If you use MySQL, you use – whether you realize it or not. Since MySQL 5.5, InnoDB has been the default storage engine, and with MySQL 8.0, it has become nearly inseparable from the server. Understanding InnoDB is not optional for a DBA or backend developer; it’s essential for performance, reliability, and data integrity. indodb21