: Arising in the 1970s, this theory argues that underdevelopment is caused by an unequal global system where developing nations remain economically dependent on powerful, developed countries.

: It covers seven key dimensions of development: growth, poverty, vulnerability, inequality, basic needs, sustainability, and quality of life .

Development economics has matured from grand, universal theories to context-aware, experimentally-informed, humble practice. There is no single PDF that can capture all the failures and successes—because each village, each ministry, each harvest cycle rewrites the rules.